⇒ Chemical nature of DNA
	⇒ Chemical composition
	⇒ Nucleotides, nucleosides
	⇒ Polynucleotides
	⇒ Chargaff's rule of equivalence
⇒ Physical nature of DNA
	⇒ Watson and Cricks model of DNA
	⇒ Circular and superhelical DNA
	⇒ Organization of DNA in eukaryotes
⇒ Structure of RNA
⇒ Gene concept
⇒ Units of a gene
	⇒ Cistron
	⇒ Recon
	⇒ Mutan
⇒ Split genes (introns)
	⇒ RNA splicing
	⇒ Ribozyme
	⇒ Evolution of split genes
⇒ Overlapping gene
⇒ Gene organization
⇒ Gene expression
⇒ Gene regulation
	⇒ Transcription
		⇒ The lac operon (structural gene, operator gene, promoter gene and repressor gene)
⇒ Artificial synthesis of genes
	⇒ Synthesis of a gene for yeast alanine tRNA
	⇒ Synthesis of a gene for bacterial tyrosine tRNA
	⇒ Synthesis of a human leukocyte interferon gene
⇒ Gene synthesis by using mRNA
⇒ Gene machine
⇒ The PCR
	⇒ Amplification of DNA (melting of target DNA, annealing of primers, primer extension)
	⇒ Application of PCR technology

Tools of Genetic Engineering

⇒ Enzymes
	⇒ Exonucleases
	⇒ Endonucleases
	⇒ Restriction endonucleases
		⇒ Nomenclature
⇒ Example of some enzymes
	⇒ SI nuclease
	⇒ DNA ligases
	⇒ Alkaline phosphatase
	⇒ Reverse transcriptase
	⇒ DNA Polymerase
⇒ Foreign DNA
⇒ Cloning vectors
	⇒ Plasmids
	⇒ Bacteriophages
		⇒ Insertion vector
		⇒ Replacement vector
	⇒ Cosmids
	⇒ Phasmids
⇒ cDNA Clone bank
⇒ Gene bank (Genomic Library)
⇒ Electrophoresis

Techniques of Genetic Engineering

⇒ Gene cloning in prokaryotes
	⇒ Isolation of DNA to be cloned
	⇒ Insertion of DNA fragment into vector
		⇒ Use of restriction Linkers
		⇒ Use of homopolymer tails
	⇒ Transfer of recombinant DNA into bacterial cells
	⇒ Selection of clones
		⇒ Colony hybridization techniques
		⇒ In vitro translation technique
		⇒ Immunological tests
		⇒ Blotting Techniques
	⇒ Recovery of cells
	⇒ Expression of cloned DNA
		⇒ Shine-Dalgano sequence
		⇒ Expression vectors
⇒ Gene cloning in eukaryotes
	⇒ Plant cells
		⇒ Yeasts
		⇒ Filamentous fungi
		⇒ Agrobacterium plasmids
		⇒ Plant cell transformation
		⇒ Plant cell transformation by ultrasonication
		⇒ Liposome mediated gene transfer
	⇒ Animal cell
		⇒ Animal viruses
		⇒ Electroporation
		⇒ Particle bombardment
		⇒ Microinjection
		⇒ Direct transformation
⇒ Site directed mutagenesis
	⇒ Methods of mutagenesis

Genetic Engineering for Human Welfare

⇒ Cloned genes and production of chemicals
	⇒ Human peptide hormone genes
		⇒ Insulines
		⇒ Somatotropin
		⇒ Somatostatin
		⇒ β-endorphin
	⇒ Human interferon genes
	⇒ Genes for vaccines
		⇒ Vaccine for hepatitis-B virus
		⇒ Vaccines for Rabies virus
		⇒ Vaccines for poliovirus
		⇒ Vaccine for foot and mouth disease virus
		⇒ Vaccines for small pox virus
		⇒ Malaria vaccines
		⇒ DNA vaccines
	⇒ Genes associated with genetic diseases
		⇒ Phenylketonuria
		⇒ Urokinase
		⇒ Thalassaemia
		⇒ Hemophilia
	⇒ Enzyme engineering
	⇒ Commercial chemicals
⇒ Prevention, diagnosis and cure of diseases
	⇒ Prevention of diseases
	⇒ Diagnosis of diseases
		⇒ Parasitic diseases
		⇒ Monoclonal antibodies
		⇒ Antenatal diagnosis
	⇒ Gene therapy
		⇒ Types of gene therapy
		⇒ Methods of gene therapy
		⇒ Success of gene therapy
		⇒ Potential of gene delivering system
		⇒ Future needs of gene therapy in India
⇒ DNA profiling (fingerprinting)
	⇒ Methods of DNA profiling
	⇒ Application of DNA profiling
		⇒ Genetic databank
		⇒ Reuniting the lost children
		⇒ Solving disputed problems of parentage, identity of criminals, rapists, etc
		⇒ Immigrant dispute
	⇒ Hurdles of DNA profiling
⇒ Animal and plant improvement
	⇒ Transgenic Farm Animals
	⇒ Crop Improvements
		⇒ Transgenic plants
		⇒ Nif gene transfer
		⇒ Phaseolin gene transfer
		⇒ Conversion of C₃ plants to C₄ plants
		⇒ Herbicide resistant plants
		⇒ Insect pest resistant plants
		⇒ Plant improvement through genetic transformation
	⇒ Crop Protection
		⇒ Use of antagonists
		⇒ Use of insecticides
⇒ Abatement of pollution


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