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⇒ Totipotency

⇒ Historical background

⇒ Requirements for cell and Tissue Cultures

⇒ A tissues culture laboratory

⇒ Nutrient media

⇒ Inorganic chemicals

⇒ Growth hormones

⇒ Organic constitutents

⇒ Vitamins

⇒ Amino acids

⇒ Culture of plant materials

⇒ Explant culture

⇒ Callus formation and its culture

⇒ Organogenesis

⇒ Root culture

⇒ Shoot culture and micropropagation

⇒ Cell culture

⇒ Benefits from cell culture

⇒ Somatic embryogenesis

⇒ Somaclonal variation

⇒ Protoplast culture

⇒ Isolation

⇒ Regeneration

⇒ Protoplast fusion and somatic hybridization

⇒ Fusion products

⇒ Method of somatic hybridization

⇒ Anther and pollen Culture

⇒ Culturing techniques

⇒ In vitro androgenesis (direct and indirect androgenesis)

⇒ Mentor pollen technology

⇒ Embryo culture

⇒ Embryo rescue

⇒ Protoplast fusion in fungi

⇒ Applications in agricultures

⇒ Improvement of hybrids

⇒ Production of encapsulated seeds

⇒ Production of disease resistant plants

⇒ Production of stress resistant plants

⇒ Transfer of nif genes to eukaryotes

⇒ Future prospects

⇒ Applications in horticulture and forestry

⇒ Micropropagation

⇒ In Vitro Establishment of Mycorrhiza

⇒ Applications in Industry

⇒ Products (Secondary metabolites) from Cell Culture

⇒ Cell suspension and biotransformation

⇒ Factors affecting product yield

⇒ Secondary Metabolites from Immobilized Plant Cells

⇒ Future of Plant Tissue Culture Industry in India

⇒ Transgenic plants

⇒ Selectable markers and their use in transformed plants (cat gene, nptll gene, lux gene, lacZ gene)

⇒ Transgenic plants for crop improvement

⇒ Insect resistant transgenic plants

⇒ Herbicide resistant transgenic plants

⇒ Molecular farming from transgenic plants

⇒ Immunotherapeutic drugs (edible vaccines, edible antibodies, edible interferon)

⇒ Difficulties in cryopreservation

⇒ Methods for cryopreservation

⇒ Plant cell bank

⇒ Pollen bank

⇒ Achievements through cryopreservation

⇒ Non-Symbiotic N₂ fixation

⇒ Diazotrophy

⇒ Ecology of diazotrophs

⇒ Special features of diazotrophs

⇒ Sites of N₂ fixation

⇒ Nitrogenase and reductants

⇒ Presence of hydrogenase

⇒ Self regulatory systems

⇒ Mechanism of N₂ fixation

⇒ Symbiotic N₂ fixation

⇒ Establishment of symbiosis

⇒ Host specificity and root hair curling

⇒ Infection of root hairs

⇒ Nodule development

⇒ Nodule development and maintenance

⇒ Factors affecting nodule development

⇒ Mechanism of N₂ fixation in root nodules

⇒ Genetics of diazotrophs

⇒ Nod genes

⇒ Nif genes

⇒ Nif gene cloning

⇒ Hup genes

⇒ Bacteria

⇒ Bacterization

⇒ Mass cultivation

⇒ Rhizobium

⇒ Azotobactors, azospirillum and phosphate solubilizers

⇒ Green Manuring

⇒ Blue green algae

⇒ Algalization

⇒ Mass cultivation of blue-green algae

⇒ Azolla and biofertilizer

⇒ Mass cultivation of Azolla

⇒ Mycorrhizae as biofertilizer

⇒ Mechanism of Symbiosis

⇒ Types of Mycorrhizas

⇒ Methods of Inoculum Production and Inoculation

⇒ Benefits from Mycorrhizas to Plants

⇒ Benefits from biofertilizers

⇒ Producers of biofertilizers

⇒ Biological control of plant pathogens 

⇒ Inoculum

⇒ Historical background

⇒ Phyllosphere-phylloplane and rhizosphere-rhizoplane regions

⇒ Antagonism

⇒ Amensalism (antibiosis and lysis)

⇒ Competition

⇒ Predation and parasitism : Mycoparasitism, nematophagy and mycophagy

⇒ Application of biological control

⇒ Crop rotation

⇒ Irrigation

⇒ Alteration of soil pH

⇒ Organic amendments

⇒ Soil treatment with selected chemicals

⇒ Introduction of antagonists : Seed inoculation, vegetative part inoculation and soil inoculation

⇒ Use of mycorrhizal fungi

⇒ Genetic engineering of biocontrol agents

⇒ Biological control of insect pests

⇒ Microbial pesticidies

⇒ Bacterial, viral and fungal pesticides

⇒ Viral pesticides

⇒ Mycopesticides

⇒ Biological control of weeds

⇒ Mycoherbicides

⇒ Insects as biocontrol agents