References

  1. R.R. van der Ploeg,W. B�hm, M.B. Kirkham. On the origin of the theory of mineral nutrition of plants and the Law of the Minimum. Soil Sci. Am. J. 63:1055-1062, 1999.

  2. E.J. Hewitt. Sand and Water Culture Methods Used in the Study of Plant Nutrition. Farnham Royal, UK: CAB, 1966, pp. 5, 189-190.


  3. F. Bangerth. Calcium related physiological disorders of plants. Annu. Rev. Phytopath. 17: 97-122, 1979.

  4. D.T. Clarkson. Movement of ions across roots. In: D.A. Baker, J.L. Hall, eds. Solute Transport in Plant Cells and Tissues. Monographs and Surveys in Biosciences. New York: Wiley, 1988, pp. 251-304.

  5. E. Epstein. Mineral Nutrition of Plants: Principles and Perspectives. New York: Wiley, 1972.

  6. R.L. Legge, J.E. Thompson, J.E. Baker, M. Lieberman. The effect of calcium on the fluidity of phase properties of microsomal membranes isolated from postclimacteric golden delicious apples. Plant Cell Physiol. 23:161-169, 1982.

  7. N. Duzgunes, D. Papahadjopoulos. Ionotrophic effects on phospholipid membranes: calcium/magnesium specificity in binding, fluidity, and fusion. In: R.C. Aloia, ed. Membrane Fluidity in Biology. New York: Academic Press, 1983, pp. 187-212.

  8. C W Grant. Lateral phase separation and the cell membrane. In: R.C. Aloia, ed. Membrane Fluidity in Biology. New York: Academic Press, 1983, pp. 131-150.

  9. W.G.T. Willats, L. McCartney, L. Mackie, J.P. Knox. Pectin: cell biology and prospects for functional analysis. Plant Mol. Biol. 47:9-27, 2001.

  10. E.R. Morris, D.A. Powell, M.J. Gidley, D.A. Rees. Conformations and interactions of pectins. J. Mol. Biol. 155:507-516, 1982.

  11. F.P.C. Blamey. A role for pectin in the control of cell expansion. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 49:775-783, 2003.

  12. N.C. Carpita, D.M. Gibeaut. Structural models of primary cell walls in flowering plants: consistency of molecular structure with the physical properties of the walls during growth. Plant J. 3:1-30, 1993.

  13. S.S. Virk, R.E. Cleland. Calcium and mechanical properties of soybean hypocotyl cell walls: possible role of calcium and protons in cell wall loosening. Planta 176:60-67, 1988.

  14. M. Knee. Fruit softening III. Requirement for oxygen and pH effects. J. Exp. Bot. 33:1263-1269, 1982.

  15. D.P.F. Almeida, D.J. Huber. Apoplastic pH and inorganic ion levels in tomato fruit: a potential means for regulation of cell wall metabolism during ripening. Physiol. Plant 105:506-512, 1999.

  16. W. Bussler. Die Entwicklung von Calcium-mangelsymptomen. Z. Pflanzenernaehrung Bodenkunde 100:53-58, 1963.

  17. B.W. Poovaiah. Role of calcium in ripening and senescence. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 10:83-88, 1979.

  18. S. Seling, A.H. Wissemeier, P. Cambier, P. van Cutsem. Calcium deficiency in potato (Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum) leaves and its effects on the pectic composition of apoplastic fluid. Physiol. Plant 109:44-50, 2000.

  19. L. Rensing, G. Cornelius. Biological membranes as components of oscillating systems. Biol. Rundschau 18:197-209, 1980.

  20. D.S. Bush. Calcium regulation in plant cells and its role in signalling. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 46:95-122, 1995.

  21. N.A. Gavalas, Y. Manetas. Calcium inhibition of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase: possible physiological consequences for 4-carbon-photosynthesis. Z. Pflanzenphysiol. 100:179-184, 1980.

  22. E.A. Kirkby, D.J. Pilbeam. Calcium as a plant nutrient. Plant Cell Environ. 7:397-405, 1984.

  23. D.T. Britto, H.J. Kronzucker. Ion fluxes and cytosolic pool sizes: examining fundamental relationships in transmembrane flux regulation. Planta 217:490-497, 2003.

  24. J.J. Rudd, V.E. Franklin-Tong. Unravelling response-specificity in Ca2+ signalling pathways in plant cells. New Phytol. 151:7-34, 2001.


  25. W.A. Snedden, H. Fromm. Calmodulin as a versatile calcium signal transducer in plants. New Phytol. 151:35-66, 2001.

  26. D. Marm�. Calcium transport and function. In: A. L�uchlii, R.L. Bieleski, eds. Inorganic Plant Nutrition. Berlin: Springer, 1983, pp. 599-625.

  27. H.G. Burstr�m. Calcium and plant growth. Biol. Rev. 43:287-316, 1968.

  28. H. Marschner, H. Ossenberg-Neuhaus. Wirkung von 2,3,5-trijodobenzoes�ure (TIBA) auf den Calciumtransport und die Kationenauschkapazit�t in Sonnenblumen. Z. Pflanzenphysiol. 85:29-44, 1977.

  29. L.C. Ho, P. Adams. Calcium deficiency-a matter of inadequate transport to rapidly growing organs. Plants Today 2:202-207, 1989.

  30. B.W. Poovaiah, A.C. Leopold. Deferral of leaf senescence with calcium. Plant Physiol. 52:236-239, 1973.

  31. A.K. Mattoo, M. Lieberman. Localization of the ethylene-synthesising system in apple tissue. Plant Physiol. 60:794-799, 1977.

  32. T.L. Holdaway-Clarke, P.K. Heppler. Control of pollen tube growth: role of ion gradients and fluxes. New Phytol. 159:539-563, 2003.

  33. F. Baluska, F. Cvrckova, J. Kendrick-Jones, D. Volkmann. Sink plasmodesmata as gateways for phloem unloading. Myosin VIII and calreticulin as molecular determinants of sink strength. Plant Physiol. 126:39-46, 2001.

  34. W.H. Queen, H.W. Fleming, J.C. O'Kelley. Effects on Zea mays seedlings of a strontium replacement of calcium in nutrient media. Plant Physiol. 38:410-413, 1963.

  35. D.S. Veresoglou, N. Barbayiannis, T. Matsi, C. Anagnostopoulos, G.C. Zalidis. Shoot Sr concentration in relation to shoot Ca concentrations and to soil properties. Plant Soil 178:95-100, 1996.

  36. G.T. Nightingale, R.M. Addoms, W.R. Robbins, L.G. Shermerhorn. Effects of calcium deficiency on nitrate absorption and on metabolism in tomato. Plant Physiol. 6:605, 1931.

  37. C.B. Shear. Calcium-related disorders of fruits and vegetables. Hort. Sci. 10:361-365, 1975.

  38. H.M.I. Herath, D.C. Bandara, D.M.G.A. Banda. Effect of pre-harvest calcium fertilizer application on the control of internal browning development during the cold storage of pineapple 'Mauritius' (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.). J. Hort. Sci. Biotech. 78:762-767, 2003.

  39. R. Storey, M.T. Treeby, D.J. Milne. Crease: another Ca deficiency-related fruit disorder? J. Hortic. Sci. Biotechnol. 77:565-571, 2002.

  40. M. Faust, C.B. Shear. Corking disorders of apples. A physiological and biochemical review. Bot. Rev. 34:441-469, 1968.

  41. L.C. Ho, D.J. Hand, M. Fussell. Improvement of tomato fruit quality by calcium nutrition. Acta Hortic. 481:463-468, 1999.

  42. R. Storey, M.T. Treeby. Cryo-SEM study of the early symptoms of peteca in 'Lisbon' lemons. J. Hortic. Sci. Biotech. 77:551-556, 2002.

  43. G.M. Glenn, B.W. Poovaiah. Cuticular properties and postharvest calcium applications influence cracking of sweet cherries. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 114:781-788, 1989.

  44. I.M. Huxham, M.C. Jarvis, L. Shakespeare, C.J. Dover, D. Johnson, J.P. Knox, G.B. Seymour. Electron-energy-loss spectroscopic imaging of calcium and nitrogen in the cell walls of apple fruits. Planta 208:438-443, 1999.

  45. D.S. Johnson, M.J. Marks, K. Pearson. Storage quality of Cox's Orange Pippin apples in relation to fruit mineral composition during development. J. Hortic. Sci. 62:17-25, 1987.

  46. E.A. Kirkby, A.H. Knight. Influence of the level of nitrate nutrition and ion uptake and assimilation, organic acid accumulation and cation-anion balance in whole tomato plants. Plant Physiol. 60:349-353, 1977.

  47. J.W. Hudgins, T. Krekling, V.R. Franceschi. Distribution of calcium oxalate crystals in the secondary phloem of conifers: a constitutive defense mechanism. New Phytol. 159:677-690, 2003.

  48. T.A. Kostman, V.R. Franceschi, P.A. Nakata. Endoplasmic reticulum sub-compartments are involved in calcium sequestration within raphide crystal idioblasts of Pistia stratiotes L. Plant Sci. 165:205-212, 2003.

  49. P.A. Nakata. Advances in our understanding of calcium oxalate crystal formation and function in plants. Plant Sci. 164:901-909, 2003.

  50. S.V. Pennisi, D.B. McConnell, L.B. Gower, M.E. Kane, T. Lucansky. Intracellular calcium oxalate crystal structure in Dracaena sanderiana. New Phytol. 150:111-120, 2001.

  51. S.A. Barber. The role of root interception, mass flow and diffusion in regulating the uptake of ions by plants from soil. Technical Report Series-IAEA 65:39-45, 1966.

  52. D.M. Hegde. Irrigation and nitrogen requirement of bell pepper. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 58:668-672, 1988.

  53. P.J. White. Calcium channels in higher plants. BBA- Biomembranes, 1465(1-2):171-189, 2000.


  54. D.T. Clarkson. Calcium transport between tissues and its distribution in the plant. Plant Cell Environ. 7:449-456, 1984.

  55. C.A. Peterson, D.E. Enstone. Functions of passage cells in the endodermis and exodermis of roots. Physiol. Plant 97:592-598, 1996.

  56. P.J. White. Calcium channels in the plasma membrane of root cells. Ann. Bot. 81:173-183, 1998.

  57. D.T. Clarkson. Roots and the delivery of solutes to the xylem. Philos. Tran. Roy. Soc. B 341:5-17, 1993.

  58. M.J. Armstrong, E.A. Kirkby. The influence of humidity on the mineral composition of tomato plants with special reference to calcium distribution. Plant Soil 52:427-435, 1979.

  59. B. Bengtsson. Uptake and translocation of calcium in cucumber. Physiol. Plant 54:107-111, 1982.

  60. E.W. Simon. The symptoms of calcium deficiency in plants. New Phytol. 80:1-15, 1978.

  61. O. Biddulph, F.S. Nakayama, R. Cory. Transpiration stream and ascension of calcium. Plant Physiol. 36:429-436, 1961.

  62. H.V. Koontz, R.E. Foote. Transpiration and calcium deposition by unifoliate leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris differing in maturity. Physiol. Plant 14:313-321, 1966.

  63. N. Bellaloui, D.J. Pilbeam. Reduction of nitrate in leaves of tomato during vegetative growth. J. Plant Nutr. 13:39-55, 1990.

  64. L.C. Ho, P. Adams, X.Z. Li, H. Shen, J. Andrews, Z.H. Xu. Responses of Ca-efficient and Cainefficient tomato cultivars to salinity in plant growth, calcium accumulation and blossom-end rot. J. Hortic. Sci. 70:909-918, 1995.

  65. N.E. Nielsen, C.B. S�rensen. Macronutrient cation uptake by plants. I. Rate determining steps in net inflow of cations into intact and decapitated sunflower plants and intensity factors of cations in soil solution. Plant Soil 77:337-346, 1984.

  66. N.E. Nielsen, E.M. Hansen. Macronutrient cation uptake by plants. II. Effects of plant species, nitrogen concentration in the plant, cation concentration, activity and activity ratio in soil solution. Plant Soil 77:347-365, 1984.

  67. P.J. White. The pathways of calcium movement to the xylem. J. Exp. Bot. 52:891-899, 2001.

  68. P. Adams, L.C. Ho. Effects of environment on the uptake and distribution of calcium in tomato and on the incidence of blossom-end rot. Plant Soil 154:127-132, 1993.

  69. J. Willumsen, K.K. Petersen, K. Kaack. Yield and blossom-end rot of tomato as affected by salinity and cation activity ratios in the root zone. J. Hortic. Sci. 71:81-91, 1996.

  70. P. Adams, L.C. Ho. The susceptibility of modern tomato cultivars to blossom-end rot in relation to salinity. J. Hortic. Sci. 67:827-839, 1992.

  71. R. Belda, L.C. Ho. Salinity effects on the network of vascular bundles during tomato fruit development. J. Hortic. Sci. 68:557-564, 1993.

  72. J.A. Lee. The calcicole-calcifuge problem revisited. Adv. Bot. Res. 29:1-30, 1999.

  73. L.J. Cajuste, R.J. Laird, B. Cuevas, J. Alvarado. Phosphorus retention by tropical soils as influenced by sulfate application. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 29:1823-1831, 1998.

  74. P.S. Bhadoria, B. Steingrobe, N. Claassen, H. Liebersbach. Phosphorus efficiency of wheat and sugar beet seedlings grown in soils with mainly calcium, or iron and aluminium phosphate. Plant Soil 246:41-52, 2002.

  75. Y.-G. Zhu, Y.-Q. He, S.E. Smith, F.A. Smith. Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) has high capacity to take up phosphorus (P) from a calcium (Ca)-bound source. Plant Soil 239:1-8, 2002.

  76. A. Zohlen, G. Tyler. Immobilization of tissue iron on calcareous soil: differences between calcicole and calcifuge plants. Oikos 89:95-106, 2000.

  77. A. Zohlen. Chlorosis in wild plants: is it a sign of iron deficiency? J. Plant Nutr. 25:2205-2228, 2002.

  78. L. Strom. Root exudation of organic acids: importance to nutrient availability and the calcifuge and calcicole behaviour of plants. Oikos 80:459-466, 1997.

  79. E. Peiter, Y. Feng, S. Schubert. Lime-induced growth depression in Lupinus species: are soil pH and bicarbonate involved? J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 164:165-172, 2001.

  80. J.F. Loneragan, J.S. Gladstones, W.J. Simmons. Mineral elements in temperate crops and pasture plants. II. Calcium. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 19:353-364, 1968.

  81. J.F. Loneragan, K. Snowball. Calcium requirements of plants. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 20:465-478, 1969.

  82. A.H. Knight,W.M. Crooke. Cation exchange capacity and chemical composition of the floral parts of Antirrhinum and Lilium. Ann. Bot. 37:155-157, 1973.

  83. H. Ibrikci, S.J.B. Knewston, M.A. Grusak. Green vegetables for humans: evaluation of mineral composition. J. Sci. Fd. Agric. 83:945-950, 2003.

  84. D.J. Reuter, F.W. Smith, J.B. Robinson, T.J. Piggott, G.H. Price. In: D.J. Reuter, J.B. Robinson. Plant Analysis. A Plant Interpretative Manual. Melbourne: Inkata Press, 1986.

  85. W. Bergmann, ed. Colour Atlas. Nutritional Disorders of Plants: Visual and Analytical Diagnosis. Jena: Fischer, 1992.

  86. P.S. Morley, M. Hardgrave, M. Bradley, D.J. Pilbeam. Susceptibility of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivars to the calcium deficiency disorder 'Blossom end rot'. In: M.A.C. Fragoso, M.L. van Beusichem, eds. Optimization of Plant Nutrition. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993, pp. 563-567.

  87. L.C. Ho, P. Adams. The physiological basis for high fruit yield and susceptibility to calcium deficiency in tomato and cucumber. J. Hortic. Sci. 69:367-376, 1994.

  88. D.W. Goodall, F.G. Gregory. Chemical Composition of Plants as an Index of their Nutritional Status. East Malling, UK: IAB, 1947.

  89. P.S. Morley, D.J. Pilbeam. Unpublished results.

  90. P.H. Brown. Seasonal variations in fig (Ficus carica L.) leaf nutrient concentrations. HortScience 29:871-873, 1994.

  91. T.F. Chiu, C. Bould. Effects of calcium and potassium on 45Ca mobility, growth and nutritional disorders of strawberry plants (Fragaria spp.). J. Hortic. Sci. 51:525-531, 1976.

  92. H.S. Xie, G.A. Cummings. Effect of soil pH and nitrogen source on nutrient status in peach: I. Macronutrients. J. Plant Nutr. 18:541-551, 1995.

  93. D.W. Reeves, J.H. Edwards, J.M. Thompson, B.D. Horton. Influence of Ca concentration on micronutrient imbalances in in vitro propagated Prunus rootstock. J. Plant Nutr. 8:289-302, 1985.

  94. F. Bangerth. Investigations upon Ca related physiological disorders. Phytopath. Z 77:20-37, 1973.

  95. R.D. Marcelle, W. Porreye, T. Deckers, P. Simon, G. Goffings, M. Herregods. Relationship between fruit mineral composition and storage life of apples, cv. Jonagold. Acta Hortic. 258:373-378, 1989.

  96. Minerals: Still a Case for Analysis. The Grower, February 10, 1994, pp. 30-31.

  97. R.L. Vaz, D.G. Richardson. Calcium effects on the postharvest quality of Anjou pears. Proceedings of the 79th Annual Meeting of the Washington State Horticultural Society, 1983, pp. 153-161.

  98. F.R. Troeh, L.M. Thompson. Soils and Soil Fertility. 5th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.

  99. M.L. Jackson, G.R. Sherman. Chemical weathering of minerals in soils. Adv. Agron. 5:221-318, 1953.

  100. J. Graveland, R. van der Wal, J.H. van Balen, A.J. van Noordwijk. Poor reproduction in forest passerines from decline of snail abundance on acidified soils. Nature 368:446-448, 1994.

  101. S.P. Hamburg, R.D. Yanai, M.A. Blum, T.G. Siccama. Biotic control of calcium cycling in northern hardwood forests: acid rain and aging forests. Ecosystems 6:399-406, 2003.
  102. F.H. Bormann, G.E. Likens, T.G. Siccama, R.S. Pierce, J.S. Eaton. The export of nutrients and recovery of stable conditions following deforestation at Hubbard Brook. Ecol. Monograph 44:255-277, 1974.

  103. S.W. Bailey, D.C. Buso, G.E. Likens. Implications of sodium mass balance for interpreting the calcium cycle of a forested ecosystem. Ecology 84:471-484, 2003.

  104. USDA. Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys. Agricultural Handbook Number 436. Washington, DC: USDA, 1975.

  105. E.J. Russell. The World of the Soil. London: Collins, 1957, pp. 212-213.

  106. L. Boruvka, J.E. Rechcigl. Phosphorus retention by the Ap horizon of a spodosol as influenced by calcium amendments. Soil Sci. 168:699-706, 2003.

  107. R.W. Miller, R.L. Donahue. Soils. An Introduction to Soils and Plant Growth. 6th ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1990.

  108. T.B. Kinraide. Toxicity factors in acidic forest soils: attempts to evaluate separately the toxic effects of excessive Al3+ and H+ and insufficient Ca2+ and Mg2+ upon root elongation. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 54: 323-333, 2003.

  109. H.S. Grewal, R. Williams. Liming and cultivars affect root growth, nodulation, leaf to stem ratio, herbage yield, and elemental composition of alfalfa on an acid soil. J. Plant Nutr. 26:1683-1696, 2003.

  110. J. Ruan, M. Lifeng, Y. Shi, W. Han. The impact of pH and calcium on the uptake of fluoride by tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.). Ann. Bot. 93:97-105, 2004.

  111. P. Needham. The occurrence and treatment of mineral disorders in the field. In: C. Bould, E.J. Hewitt, P. Needham. Diagnosis of Mineral Disorders in Plants. Volume 1. Principles. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1983, p. 163.

  112. D.S. Johnson, C.J. Dover, T.J. Samuelson, I.M. Huxham, M.C. Jarvis, L. Shakespeare, G.B. Seymour. Nitrogen, cell walls and texture of stored Cox's Orange Pippin apples. Acta Hortic. 564:105-112, 2001.

  113. M. Meheriuk, G.H. Nielsen, D.-L. McKenzie. Incidence of rain splitting in sweet cherries treated with calcium or coating materials. Can. J. Plant Sci. 71:231-234, 1991.

  114. P. Wojcik, M. Lewandowska. Effect of calcium and boron sprays on yield and quality of "Elsanta" strawberry. J. Plant Nutr. 26:671-682, 2003.

  115. A. Lichter, O. Dvir, E. Fallik, S. Cohen, R. Golan, Z. Shemer, M. Sagi. Cracking of cherry tomatoes in solution. Postharvest Biol. Tech. 26:305-312, 2002.

  116. R.B.H. Willis, M.S. Mahendra. Effect of postharvest application of calcium on ripening of peach. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 29:751-753, 1989.

  117. D. Valero, A. P�rez-Vicente, D. Mart�nez-Romero, S. Castillo, F. Guill�n, M. Serrano. Plum storability improved after calcium and heat postharvest treatments: role of polyamines. J. Food Sci. 67:2571-2575, 2003.

  118. C. Kaya, B.E. Ak, D. Higgs. Response of salt-stressed strawberry plants to supplementary calcium nitrate and/or potassium nitrate. J. Plant Nutr. 26:543-560, 2003.

  119. C. Kaya, D. Higgs, H. Kirnak, I. Tas. Ameliorative effect of calcium nitrate on cucumber and melon plants drip irrigated with saline water. J. Plant Nutr. 26: 1665-1681, 2003.

  120. MAFF. The Analysis of Agricultural Materials: A Manual of the Analytical Methods Used by the Agricultural Development and Advisory Service. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1986, pp. 98-101.