Biotechnology & Environment

⇒ Energy sources : A general account 

⇒ Nuclear energy

⇒ Fossil fuel energy

⇒ Non-fossil and non-nuclear energy

⇒ Biomass as source of energy

⇒ Composition of biomass

⇒ Cellulose

⇒ Hemicellulose

⇒ Lignin

⇒ Terrestrial biomass

⇒ Aquatic biomass

⇒ Salvinia

⇒ Water hyacinth

⇒ Wastes as renewable source of energy

⇒ Composition of wastes

⇒ Sources of wastes (Industries, agriculture, forestry, municipal sources)

⇒ Biomass conversion

⇒ Non-biological process

⇒ Direct combustion-hog fuel

⇒ Pyrolysis

⇒ Gasification

⇒ Liquefaction

⇒ Biological process

⇒ Enzymatic digestion

⇒ Anaerobic digestion

⇒ Aerobic digestion

⇒ Energy plantations

⇒ Social forestry

⇒ Silviculture energy farms (short rotation forestry)

⇒ Advantages of short rotation management

⇒ Petroleum plants (Petroplants)

⇒ Hydrocarbon from higher Plants

⇒ Hevea Rubber

⇒ Euphorbia

⇒ Guayule and Russian dandalion

⇒ Aak

⇒ Algal hydrocarbons

⇒ Alcohols : the liquid fuel

⇒ General account

⇒ Ethanol production

⇒ Fermentable substrate

⇒ Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials

⇒ Effect of substrate composition on hydrolysis

⇒ Fermentation

⇒ Recovery of ethanol

⇒ Gaseous fuels : biogas and hydrogen

⇒ What is biogas

⇒ Biogas technology in India

⇒ Benefits from biogas plants

⇒ Feed stock materials

⇒ Biogas production anaerobic digestion

⇒ Solubilization

⇒ Acidogenesis

⇒ Methanogenesis-methanogens, mechanism of methane production

⇒ Biogas production from differ­ent feed stocks

⇒ Salvinia

⇒ Water hyacinth

⇒ Municipal wastes

⇒ Factors affecting methane formation

⇒ Hydrogen : a new fuel

⇒ Photobiological process of H₂ production

⇒ Hydrogenase and H₂ production

⇒ Halobacteria

⇒ Bioremediation

⇒ In situ bioremediation

⇒ Intrinsic bioremediation

⇒ Engineered in situ bioremediation

⇒ Ex situ bioremediation

⇒ Solid phase system (composting, composting process)

⇒ Slurry phase system (aerated laggons, low shear airlift reactor)

⇒ Factors affecting slurry phase bioremediation

⇒ Bioremediation of hydrocarbon

⇒ Use of mixture of bacteria

⇒ Use of genetically engineered bacterial strains 

⇒ Bioremediation of Industrial wastes

⇒ Bioremediation of dyes

⇒ Bioremediation of heavy metals

⇒ Bioremediation of coal waste through VAM fungi

⇒ Bioremediation of xenobiotics

⇒ Microbial degradation of xenobiotics

⇒ Gene manipulation of pesticide-degrading microorganisms

⇒ Utilization of sewage, and agro-wastes

⇒ Production of single cell protein

⇒ Biogas from sewage

⇒ Mushroom production on agro-wastes

⇒ Vermicomposting

⇒ Microbial leaching (bioleaching)   

⇒ Microorganisms used in leaching

⇒ Chemistry of leaching

⇒ Direct leaching

⇒ Indirect leaching

⇒ Leaching process (slope leaching heap leaching in situ leaching)

⇒ Examples of bioleaching

⇒ Copper leaching

⇒ Uranium leaching

⇒ Gold and silver leaching

⇒ Silica leaching

⇒ Hazards of environmental engineering

⇒ Survival of released GMMs in the environment

⇒ Adaptive mutagenesis in GMMs

⇒ Gene transfer from GMMs into other microorganisms

⇒ Gene transfer via conjugative transposons

⇒ Effect of environmental factors on gene transfer

⇒ Ecological impact of GMMs released into the environment

⇒ Growth inhibition of natural strains

⇒ Growth stimulation of indigenous strains

⇒ Replacement of natural strains

⇒ Monitoring of GEMs in the environment

⇒ Risk assessment of the GEMs released into the environment